IV. Remember Our Lord Will Return (4:7–5:11)
1. The principle of suffering for righteousness (3:13–17) 2. The paragon of suffering for righteousness (3:18–22) 3. The purpose of suffering for righteousness (4:1–6) IV. Remember Our Lord Will Return (4:7–5:11)
A. The Responsibilities of Christian Living (4:7–11)
B. The Rewards of Christian Suffering (4:12–19) C. The Requirements for Christian Leadership (5:1–4) D. The Realization of Christian Victory (5:5–11) V. Conclusion (5:12–14)
THE FIRST LETTER OF PETER
1 Peter
Greeting
1 PETER 1 †Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who are elect exiles of the dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, 2†according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, in the sanctification of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and for sprinkling with his blood: May grace and peace be multiplied to you.
Born Again to a Living Hope
3†Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4†to an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you, 5†who by God's power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time. 6†In this you rejoice, though now for a little while, if necessary, you have been grieved by various trials, 7†so that the tested genuineness of your faith —more precious than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire—may be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 8†Though you have not seen him, you love him. Though you do not now see him, you believe in him and rejoice with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory, 9†obtaining the outcome of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
10†Concerning this salvation, the prophets who prophesied about the grace that was to be yours searched and inquired carefully, 11†inquiring what person or time the Spirit of Christ in them was indicating when he predicted the sufferings of Christ and the subsequent glories. 12†It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in the things that have now been announced to you through those who preached the good news to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven, things into which angels long to look.
Called to Be Holy
13†Therefore, preparing your minds for action, [1] and being sober-minded, set your hope fully on the grace that will be brought to you at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 14As obedient children, do not be conformed to the passions of your former ignorance, 15†but as he who called you is holy, you also be holy in all your conduct, 16since it is written, "You shall be holy, for I am holy." 17†And if you call on him as Father who judges impartially according to each one's deeds, conduct yourselves with fear throughout the time of your exile, 18†knowing that you were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your forefathers, not with perishable things such as silver or gold, 19but with the precious blood of Christ, like that of a lamb without blemish or spot. 20†He was foreknown before the foundation of the world but was made manifest in the last times for the sake of you 21†who through him are believers in God, who raised him from the dead and gave him glory, so that your faith and hope are in God.
22†Having purified your souls by your obedience to the truth for a sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from a pure heart, 23†since you have been born again, not of perishable seed but of imperishable, through the living and abiding word of God; 24‡for "All flesh is like grass and all its glory like the flower of grass.
The grass withers, and the flower falls, 25but the word of the Lord remains
forever."
And this word is the good news that was preached to you.
A Living Stone and a Holy People
1 PETER 2 †So put away all malice and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy and all slander. 2†Like newborn infants, long for the pure spiritual milk, that by it you may grow up into salvation— 3†if indeed you have tasted that the Lord is good.
4†As you come to him, a living stone rejected by men but in the sight of God chosen and precious, 5†you yourselves like living stones are being built up as a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 6‡‡†For it stands in Scripture: "Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone, a cornerstone chosen and precious, and whoever believes in him will not be put to shame."
7So the honor is for you who believe, but for those who do not believe, "The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone," [1]
8†and "A stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense."
They stumble because they disobey the word, as they were destined to do.
9†But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. 10†Once you were not a people, but now you are God's people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.
11†Beloved, I urge you as sojourners and exiles to abstain from the passions of the flesh, which wage war against your soul. 12†Keep your conduct among the Gentiles honorable, so that when they speak against you as evildoers, they may see your good deeds and glorify God on the day of visitation.
Submission to Authority
13†Be subject for the Lord's sake to every human institution, [2] whether it be to the emperor [3] as supreme, 14†or to governors as sent by him to punish those who do evil and to praise those who do good. 15†For this is the will of God, that by doing good you should put to silence the ignorance of foolish people. 16†Live as people who are free, not using your freedom as a cover-up for evil, but living as servants [4] of God. 17†Honor everyone. Love the brotherhood. Fear God.
Honor the emperor.
18†Servants, be subject to your masters with all respect, not only to the good and gentle but also to the unjust. 19‡For this is a gracious thing, when, mindful of God, one endures sorrows while suffering unjustly. 20For what credit is it if, when you sin and are beaten for it, you endure? But if when you do good and suffer for it you endure, this is a gracious thing in the sight of God. 21†For to this you have been called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, so that you might follow in his steps. 22†He committed no sin, neither was deceit found in his mouth. 23†When he was reviled, he did not revile in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten, but continued entrusting himself to him who judges justly. 24†He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness. By his wounds you have been healed. 25†For you were straying like sheep, but have now returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.
Wives and Husbands
1 PETER 3 †Likewise, wives, be subject to your own husbands, so that even if some do not obey the word, they may be won without a word by the conduct of their wives, 2†when they see your respectful and pure conduct. 3†Do not let your adorning be external—the braiding of hair and the putting on of gold jewelry, or the clothing you wear— 4†but let your adorning be the hidden person of the heart with the imperishable beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which in God's sight is very precious. 5†For this is how the holy women who hoped in God used to adorn themselves, by submitting to their own husbands, 6†as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. And you are her children, if you do good and do not fear anything that is frightening.
7†Likewise, husbands, live with your wives in an understanding way, showing honor to the woman as the weaker vessel, since they are heirs with you [1] of the grace of life, so that your prayers may not be hindered.
Suffering for Righteousness' Sake
8†Finally, all of you, have unity of mind, sympathy, brotherly love, a tender heart, and a humble mind. 9†Do not repay evil for evil or reviling for reviling, but on the contrary, bless, for to this you were called, that you may obtain a blessing. 10†For "Whoever desires to love life and see good days, let him keep his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit; 11let him turn away from evil and do good; let him seek peace and pursue it.
12For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous, and his ears are open to their prayer. But the face of the Lord is against those who do evil."
13†Now who is there to harm you if you are zealous for what is good? 14†But even if you should suffer for righteousness' sake, you will be blessed. Have no fear of them, nor be troubled, 15†but in your hearts honor Christ the Lord as holy, always being prepared to make a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you; yet do it with gentleness and respect, 16†having a good conscience, so that, when you are slandered, those who revile your good behavior in Christ may be put to shame. 17For it is better to suffer for doing good, if that should be God's will, than for doing evil.
18†For Christ also suffered [2] once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit, 19†in which [3] he went and proclaimed [4] to the spirits in prison, 20†because [5] they formerly did not obey, when God's patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were brought safely through water. 21†Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you, not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, 22†who has gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God, with angels, authorities, and powers having been subjected to him.
Stewards of God's Grace
1 PETER 4 †Since therefore Christ suffered in the flesh, [1] arm yourselves with the same way of thinking, for whoever has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin, 2†so as to live for the rest of the time in the flesh no longer for human passions but for the will of God. 3†For the time that is past suffices for doing what the Gentiles want to do, living in sensuality, passions, drunkenness, orgies, drinking parties, and lawless idolatry. 4†With respect to this they are surprised when you do not join them in the same flood of debauchery, and they malign you; 5†but they will give account to him who is ready to judge the living and the dead. 6†For this is why the gospel was preached even to those who are dead, that though judged in the flesh the way people are, they might live in the spirit the way God does.
7†The end of all things is at hand; therefore be self-controlled and sober-minded for the sake of your prayers. 8†Above all, keep loving one another earnestly, since love covers a multitude of sins. 9†Show hospitality to one another without grumbling. 10†As each has received a gift, use it to serve one another, as good stewards of God's varied grace: 11†whoever speaks, as one who speaks oracles of God; whoever serves, as one who serves by the strength that God supplies—in order that in everything God may be glorified through Jesus Christ. To him belong glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.
Suffering as a Christian
12†Beloved, do not be surprised at the fiery trial when it comes upon you to test you, as though something strange were happening to you. 13†But rejoice insofar as you share Christ's sufferings, that you may also rejoice and be glad when his glory is revealed. 14†If you are insulted for the name of Christ, you are blessed, because the Spirit of glory [2] and of God rests upon you. 15†But let none of you suffer as a murderer or a thief or an evildoer or as a meddler. 16†Yet if anyone suffers as a Christian, let him not be ashamed, but let him glorify God in that name. 17†For it is time for judgment to begin at the household of God; and if it begins with us, what will be the outcome for those who do not obey the gospel of God? 18†And "If the righteous is scarcely saved, what will become of the ungodly and the sinner?" [3]
19†Therefore let those who suffer according to God's will entrust their souls to a
faithful Creator while doing good.
Shepherd the Flock of God
1 PETER 5 †So I exhort the elders among you, as a fellow elder and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, as well as a partaker in the glory that is going to be revealed: 2†shepherd the flock of God that is among you, exercising oversight, [1] not under compulsion, but willingly, as God would have you; [2] not for shameful gain, but eagerly; 3†not domineering over those in your charge, but being examples to the flock. 4†And when the chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading crown of glory. 5†Likewise, you who are younger, be subject to the elders. Clothe yourselves, all of you, with humility toward one another, for "God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble."
6†Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God so that at the proper time he may exalt you, 7†casting all your anxieties on him, because he cares for you. 8†Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. 9†Resist him, firm in your faith, knowing that the same kinds of suffering are being experienced by your brotherhood throughout the world. 10†And after you have suffered a little while, the God of all grace, who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ, will himself restore, confirm, strengthen, and establish you. 11To him be the dominion forever and ever. Amen.
Final Greetings
12†By Silvanus, a faithful brother as I regard him, I have written briefly to you, exhorting and declaring that this is the true grace of God. Stand firm in it. 13†She who is at Babylon, who is likewise chosen, sends you greetings, and so does Mark, my son. 14Greet one another with the kiss of love.
Peace to all of you who are in Christ.
Footnotes
Footnotes for 1 Peter, Chapter 1
[1] 1:13 Greek girding up the loins of your mind
Footnotes for 1 Peter, Chapter 2
[1] 2:7 Greek the head of the corner
[2] 2:13 Or every institution ordained for people
[3] 2:13 Or king; also verse 17
[4] 2:16 Greek bondservants
Footnotes for 1 Peter, Chapter 3
[1] 3:7 Some manuscripts since you are joint heirs
[2] 3:18 Some manuscripts died
[3] 3:19 Or the Spirit, in whom
[4] 3:19 Or preached
[5] 3:20 Or when
Footnotes for 1 Peter, Chapter 4
[1] 4:1 Some manuscripts add for us; some for you
[2] 4:14 Some manuscripts insert and of power
[3] 4:18 Greek where will the ungodly and sinner appear?
Footnotes for 1 Peter, Chapter 5
[1] 5:2 Some manuscripts omit exercising oversight
[2] 5:2 Some manuscripts omit as God would have you
Study Notes
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:1 Peter. See Introduction: Author and Date. apostle of Jesus Christ. Peter was one of a unique group of men who were personally called (Matt. 10:1–4) and commissioned (John 20:19–23) by Christ, and who ministered with Christ after his resurrection. See note on 1 Pet. 5:1. The church was built upon the foundation of their teaching (see notes on Acts 2:42; Eph. 2:20). exiles. These were strangers dispossessed in a land not their own— temporary residents or foreigners. Like all believers, they were residents of an eternal city (Phil. 3:20; Heb. 13:13–14). dispersion. With the Greek definite article, "dispersion" is sometimes a technical term for the scattering of the Jews from Israel throughout the world (John 7:35; James 1:1). But here, without the article, it is used in a non-technical sense referring to spiritual pilgrims, aliens to the earth, whether Jews or Gentiles (cf. 1 Pet. 1:17; 2:11), i.e., the church. Pontus . . . Bithynia. Peter's letter is addressed to churches in provinces located in modern-day Turkey, which were part of the Roman Empire. elect. From the Greek word that connotes the "called-out ones." The word means "to pick out" or "to select." In the OT, it was used of Israel (Deut. 7:6), indicating that God sovereignly chose Israel from among all the nations of the world to believe in and belong to him (cf. Deut. 14:2; Ps. 105:43; 135:4). Here the word is used as a term for Christians, those chosen by God for salvation (cf. Rom. 8:33; Col. 3:12; 2 Tim. 2:10). The word is also used for those who receive Christ during the tribulation time (Matt. 24:22, 24), and holy, unfallen angels (1 Tim. 5:21). To be reminded that they were elected by God was a great comfort to those persecuted Christians (see notes on Eph. 1:3–14).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:2 foreknowledge. The same Greek word is translated "foreknown" in v. 20. In both verses, the word does not refer to awareness of what is going to happen, but it clearly means a predetermined relationship in the knowledge of the Lord. God brought the salvation relationship into existence by decreeing it into existence ahead of time. Christians are foreknown for salvation in the same way Christ was foreordained before the foundation of the world to be a sacrifice for sins (cf. Acts 2:23). "Foreknowledge" means that God planned before, not that he observed before (cf. Ex. 33:17; Jer. 1:5; Amos 3:2; Matt. 7:23). Thus, God pre-thought and predetermined or predestined each Christian's salvation (see notes on Rom. 8:29; Eph. 1:4). sanctification of the Spirit. To sanctify means "to consecrate," "to set apart." The objective of election is
salvation, which comes to the elect through the sanctifying work of the Spirit. The Holy Spirit thus makes God's chosen holy, by savingly setting them apart from sin and unbelief unto faith and righteousness (cf. 1 Thess. 1:4; 2 Thess. 2:13). Sanctification thus begins with justification (declaring the sinner just before God by graciously imputing Christ's righteousness to him, cf. Phil. 3:9), and continues as a process of purification that goes on until glorification, when the Christian sees Jesus face to face. for obedience. Believers are set apart from sin to God in order that they might obey Jesus Christ. True salvation produces obedience to Christ (cf. Eph. 2:10; 1 Thess. 1:4–10). sprinkling with his blood. This phrase is based on Moses' sprinkling sacrificial blood on the people of Israel as a symbol sealing their covenant as they promised to obey God's word (see notes on Ex. 24:4–8). Likewise, in the New Covenant, faith in the shedding of Christ's blood on the cross not only activates God's promise to give the believer perfect atonement for sin, but also brings the believer into the covenant by one's promise of obedience to the Lord and his word.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:3 Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. Though God was known as Creator and Redeemer in the OT, he was rarely called Father. Christ, however, always addressed God as his Father in the Gospels (as John 5:17), except in the separation on the cross (Matt. 27:46). In so doing, Christ was claiming to be of the same nature, being, or essence as the Father (cf. Matt. 11:27; John 10:29–39; 14:6–11; 2 Cor. 1:3; Eph. 1:3, 17; 2 John 3). Also, by speaking of "our" Lord, Peter personalized the Christian's intimate relationship with the God of the universe through his Son (cf. 1 Cor. 6:17), an important truth for suffering Christians to remember. great mercy. The reason God provided a glorious salvation for mankind is that he is merciful. Sinners need God's mercy because they are in a pitiful, desperate, wretched condition as sinners (cf. Eph. 2:4; Titus 3:5; see also Ex. 34:6; Ps. 108:4; Isa. 27:4; Lam. 3:22; Mic. 7:18). has caused us to be born again. God gave the new birth as part of his provision in salvation. When a sinner comes to Christ and puts his faith in him, he is born anew into God's family and receives a new nature (see notes on 1 Pet.1:23; John 1:13; 3:1–21). a living hope. The living hope is eternal life. "Hope" means confident optimism, and: 1) comes from God (Ps. 43:5); 2) is a gift of grace (2 Thess. 2:16); 3) is defined by Scripture (Rom. 15:4); 4) is a reasonable reality (1 Pet. 3:15); 5) is secured by the resurrection of Jesus Christ (John 11:25–26; 14:19; 1 Cor. 15:17); 6) is confirmed in the Christian by the Holy Spirit (Rom. 15:13); 7) defends the Christian against Satan's attacks (1 Thess. 5:8); 8) is confirmed through trials (Rom. 5:3–4); 9) produces joy (Ps. 146:5); and 10) is fulfilled in Christ's return (Titus 2:13).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:4 inheritance. Peter showed those persecuted Christians how to look past their troubles to their eternal inheritance. Life, righteousness, joy, peace, perfection, God's presence, Christ's glorious companionship, rewards, and all else God has planned is the Christian's heavenly inheritance (v. 5; cf. Matt. 25:34; Acts 26:18; Eph. 1:11; Col. 1:12; Heb. 9:15; also Ps. 16:5; 23; 26; 72; Lam. 3:24). According to Eph. 1:14, the indwelling Holy Spirit is the resident guarantee of that inheritance. imperishable. The inheritance is not subject to passing away, nor liable to decay. The word was used in secular Greek of something that was unravaged by an invading army (cf. Matt. 6:19–21). undefiled. This word means unpolluted, unstained with evil. The undefiled inheritance of the Christian is in marked contrast to an earthly inheritance, all of which is corrupted and defiled. unfading. "Fading" was often used of flowers that wither and decay. Though earthly inheritances eventually fade away, the eternal inheritance of a Christian has no decaying elements.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:5 who by God's power are being guarded. Supreme power, omniscience, omnipotence, and sovereignty not only keep the inheritance (v. 4), but also keep the believer secure. No one can steal the Christian's treasure, and no one can disqualify him from receiving it. See notes on Rom. 8:31–39. through faith. The Christian's response to God's election and the Spirit's conviction is faith, but even faith is empowered by God (see note on Eph. 2:8). Moreover, the Christian's continued faith in God is the evidence of God's keeping power. At the time of salvation, God energizes faith, and continues to preserve it. Saving faith is permanent; it never dies. See notes on Matt. 24:13; Heb. 3:14.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:6 rejoice. That is, to be exceedingly glad, exuberantly jubilant. This kind of joy is not based on changing, temporal circumstances, but is used of joy that comes from the unchanging, eternal relationship with God. Peter relates this joy to 1) the assurance of one's protected eternal inheritance (vv. 4–5; cf. John 16:16–33) and 2) the assurance from one's proven faith (1 Pet. 1:7). various trials. Peter teaches several important principles about trouble in this verse: 1) trouble does not last ("little while"); 2) trouble serves a purpose ("if necessary"); 3) trouble brings turmoil ("grieved"); 4) trouble comes in various forms ("trials"); and 5) trouble should not diminish the Christian's joy ("rejoice").
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:7 genuineness of your faith. God's purpose in allowing trouble is to test the reality of one's faith. But the benefit of such a testing, or
"fire," is immediately for the Christian, not God. When a believer comes through a trial still trusting the Lord, he is assured that his faith is genuine (cf. Gen. 22:1–12; Job 1:20–22). revelation of Jesus Christ. The revelation or unveiling of Christ refers to his second coming, particularly focusing on the time when he comes to call and reward his redeemed people (cf. 1 Pet. 1:13; 4:13; 1 Cor. 1:7), i.e., the rapture (1 Thess. 4:13–18).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:8 have not seen. This is in the sense of his appearing (v. 7). Cf. 2 Cor. 5:7. At that time, the fiery trials that believers have endured will benefit God by bringing him "praise and glory and honor" eternally (1 Pet. 1:7).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:9 obtaining . . . salvation. "Obtaining" could lit. be translated "presently receiving for yourselves." In one sense, Christians now possess the result of their faith, a constant deliverance from the power of sin. In another sense, we are waiting to receive the full salvation of eternal glory in the redemption of our bodies (Rom. 8:23).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:10 this salvation. In this section, Peter looks at the greatness of salvation from the viewpoint of the divine agents who made it possible: 1) OT prophets (vv. 10–11); 2) the Holy Spirit (vv. 11–12); 3) the NT apostles (v. 12); and 4) the angels (v. 12). grace that was to be. God is by nature gracious and was so, even under the conditional Old Covenant (cf. Ex. 33:19; Jonah 4:2). But the prophets foretold an even greater exhibit of grace than what they had ever known (Isa. 45:20–25; 52:14–15; 55:1–7; 61:1–3; cf. Rom. 9:24– 33; 10:11, 13, 20; 15:9–21). searched and inquired carefully. The OT prophets studied their own writings in order to know more about the promised salvation. Though they believed and were personally saved from their sin by that faith (through the sacrifice God would provide in Christ), they could not fully understand what was involved in the life and death of Jesus Christ (cf. Num. 24:17; Heb. 11:13, 39–40).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:11 what person or time. "Who would be the person?" and "When would he come?" were the questions the OT prophets searched to know. Spirit of Christ in them. Jesus Christ, in the person of the Holy Spirit, took up residence within the writers of the OT, enabling them to write about the glorious salvation to be consummated in the future (2 Pet. 1:19–21).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:12 serving not themselves but you. The OT prophets who wrote of the coming of salvation (vv. 10–11) knew it was a future Savior who
would come, and thus they were really writing for those who are on this side of the cross. those who preached the good news. The NT apostles and preachers of the gospel had the privilege of proclaiming that the prophecies written by the OT prophets had come to pass (cf. 2 Cor. 6:1–2).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:13 preparing your minds for action. Some translations render this, "Gird up the loins of your mind"—the ancient practice of gathering up one's robes when needing to move in a hurry; here, it is metaphorically applied to one's thought process. The meaning is to pull in all the loose ends of one's thinking, by rejecting the hindrances of the world and focusing on the future grace of God (cf. Eph. 6:14; Col. 3:2). being sober-minded. Spiritual sober-mindedness includes the ideas of steadfastness, self-control, clarity of mind, and moral decisiveness. The sober Christian is correctly in charge of his priorities and not intoxicated with the various allurements of the world. set your hope fully. In light of their great salvation, Christians, especially those undergoing suffering, should unreservedly live for the future, anticipating the consummation of their salvation at the second coming of Christ (see 1 Pet. 1:7). Cf. Col. 3:2–4. grace that will be brought to you. Christ's future ministry of glorifying Christians and giving them eternal life in his presence will be the final culmination of the grace initiated at salvation (cf. Eph. 2:7).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:15 you also be holy. Holiness essentially defines the Christian's new nature and conduct in contrast with his pre-salvation lifestyle. The reason for practicing a holy manner of living is that Christians are associated with the holy God and must treat him and his word with respect and reverence. We therefore glorify him best by being like him (see vv. 16–17; Matt. 5:48; Eph. 5:1; cf. Lev. 11:44–45; 18:30; 19:2; 20:7; 21:6–8).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:17 if you call on him as Father. This is another way of saying, "if you are a Christian." The believer who knows God and that he judges the works of all his children fairly, will respect God and his evaluation of his life, and long to honor his heavenly Father.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:18 ransomed. See note on 1 Tim. 2:6. That is, to buy back someone from bondage by the payment of a price; to set free by paying a ransom. "Ransom" was a technical term for money paid to buy back a prisoner of war. Here it is used of the price paid to buy the freedom of one in the bondage of sin and under the curse of the law (i.e., eternal death, cf. Gal. 3:13). The price paid to a holy God was the shed blood of his own Son (cf. Ex. 12:1–13; 15:13;
Ps. 78:35; Acts 20:28; Rom. 3:24; Gal. 4:4–5; Eph. 1:7; Col. 1:14; Titus 2:14; Heb. 9:11–17).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:20 foreknown. In eternity past, before Adam and Eve sinned, God planned the redemption of sinners through Jesus Christ (cf. Acts 2:23; 4:27–28; 2 Tim. 1:9). See note on 1 Pet. 1:2. last times. The "last times" are the times of the Messiah, from his first coming to his second coming (cf. Acts 2:17; 1 Tim. 4:1; 1 John 2:18).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:21 gave him glory. God, through the ascension, returned Christ to the glory that he had with him before the world began (cf. Luke 24:51– 53; John 17:4–5; Acts 1:9–11; Phil. 2:9–11; Heb. 1:1–3; 2:9).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:22 love one another earnestly. The love indicated here by Peter is the love of choice, the kind of love that can respond to a command. "Earnestly" means to stretch to the limits (cf. Luke 22:44; Acts 12:5; also Luke 10:27ff.). Only those whose "souls" have been "purified," i.e., saved, have the capacity to love like this. Such love exhibits itself by meeting others at the point of their need (cf. 1 Pet. 2:17; 3:8; 4:8; also John 13:34; Rom. 12:10; Phil. 2:1–8; Heb. 13:1; 1 John 3:11).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:23 not of perishable seed but of imperishable. The spiritual life implanted by the Holy Spirit to produce the new birth is unfailing and permanent. through the . . . word of God. The Spirit uses the word to produce life. It is the truth of the gospel that saves. See note on Rom. 10:17.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 1:24–25 Peter enforces his point about the power of the word to regenerate by quoting from Isa. 40:6–8 (see note there.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:1 put away. The Christian's new life can't grow unless sins are renounced. When that purging takes place, then the word does its work (v. 2). malice. The Greek word for malice is used 11 times in the NT to indicate that wickedness which comes from within a person (cf. v. 16; Rom. 1:29; Eph. 4:31; Titus 3:3).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:2 long for the pure spiritual milk. Spiritual growth is always marked by a craving for and a delight in God's word with the intensity with which a baby craves milk (cf. Job 23:12; Ps. 1:1–2; 19:7–11; 119:16, 24, 35, 47–48, 72, 92, 97, 103, 111, 113, 127, 159, 167, 174; Jer. 15:16). A Christian develops a desire for the truth of God's word by: 1) remembering his life's
source (1 Pet. 1:25; cf. Isa. 55:10, 11; John 15:3; Heb. 4:12); 2) eliminating sin from his life (1 Pet. 2:1); 3) admitting his need for God's truth (v. 2, "like newborn infants"; cf. Matt. 4:4); 4) pursuing spiritual growth (1 Pet. 2:2, "by it you may grow"); and 5) surveying his blessings (v. 3, "the Lord is good").
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:3 tasted. At salvation, all believers experience how gracious the Lord is to those who trust him. That should compel believers to seek more of that grace in pursuing his word.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:4 come to him. "Come," in the Greek here means to come with the idea of remaining. Here it means to remain in Christ's presence with intimate fellowship (cf. John 15:5–15). a living stone. Both a metaphor and a paradox, this phrase from the OT (see 1 Pet. 2:6–8) emphasizes that Christ, the "cornerstone" and "stone of stumbling," is alive from the dead and has a living relationship with saved humanity (v. 5; cf. 1 Cor. 15:45; 1 John 5:11–12). rejected . . . chosen. See 1 Pet. 2:7. The messianic credentials of Jesus were examined by the false religious leaders of Israel and contemptuously rejected (vv. 6–8; cf. Matt. 12:22–24; John 1:10–11). But Jesus Christ was God's precious and elect Son, ultimately authenticated through his resurrection from the dead (cf. Ps. 2:10–11; Matt. 3:17; Acts 2:23–24, 32; 4:11–12; 5:30–31; 10:39–41).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:5 you yourselves like living stones. Christians are so closely identified and united with Christ that the very life that exists in Christ exists in them also (cf. Gal. 2:20; Col. 3:3–4; 2 Pet. 1:4). built up as a spiritual house. Metaphorically, God is building a spiritual house, putting all believers in place, integrating each one with others, and each one with the life of Christ (cf. Eph. 2:19; Heb. 3:6). a holy priesthood. OT priests and NT believer-priests share a number of characteristics: 1) priesthood is an elect privilege (Ex. 28:1; John 15:16); 2) priests are cleansed of sins (Lev. 8:6–36; Titus 2:14); 3) priests are clothed for service (1 Pet. 5:5; Ex. 28:42; Lev. 8:7ff.; Ps. 132:9, 16); 4) priests are anointed for service (Lev. 8:12, 30; 1 John 2:20, 27); 5) priests are prepared for service (Lev. 8:33; 9:4, 23; Gal. 1:16; 1 Tim. 3:6); 6) priests are ordained to obedience (1 Pet. 2:4; Lev. 10:1ff.); 7) priests are to honor the word of God (1 Pet. 2:2; Mal. 2:7); 8) priests are to walk with God (Mal. 2:6; Gal. 5:16, 25); 9) priests are to impact sinners (Mal. 2:6; Gal. 6:1); and 10) priests are messengers of God (Mal. 2:7; Matt. 28:19–20). The main privilege of a priest, however, is access to God. to offer spiritual sacrifices. Spiritual sacrifices mean God-honoring works done because of Christ under the direction of the Holy
Spirit and the guidance of the word of God. These would include: 1) offering the strength of one's body to God (Rom. 12:1–2); 2) praising God (Heb. 13:15); 3) doing good (Heb. 13:16); 4) sharing one's resources (Heb. 13:16); 5) bringing people to Christ (Rom. 15:16); 6) sacrificing one's desires for the good of others (Eph. 5:2); and 7) praying (Rev. 8:3).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:6–8 Three OT passages employing the "stone" metaphor are used by Peter to show that Christ's position as chief cornerstone of the new spiritual house was foreordained by God. That same stone is also going to be the stumbling stone that brings down the unbelieving in judgment (cf. Matt. 21:42, 44).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:6 Zion. Quoted from Isa. 28:16. Figuratively, Zion, i.e., Jerusalem, is in the realm of the New Covenant, as Sinai is in the realm of the Old Covenant.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:6–7 cornerstone. See note on Eph. 2:20; cf. Ps. 118:22.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:8 A stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense. Quoted from Isa. 8:14. To every human being, Christ is either the means of salvation if they believe, or the means of judgment if they reject the gospel. He is like a stone in the road that causes a traveler to fall. disobey the word. Unbelief is their disobedience, since the call of the gospel to repent and believe is a command from God. they were destined. These were not appointed by God to disobedience and unbelief. Rather, these were appointed to doom because of their disobedience and unbelief. Judgment on unbelief is as divinely appointed as salvation by faith. See notes on Rom. 9:22; 2 Cor. 2:15–16.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:9 a chosen race. Peter uses OT concepts to emphasize the privileges of NT Christians (cf. Deut. 7:6–8). In strong contrast to the disobedient who are appointed by God to wrath (1 Pet. 2:8), Christians are chosen by God to salvation (cf. 1:2). a royal priesthood. The concept of a kingly priesthood is drawn from Ex. 19:6. Israel temporarily forfeited this privilege because of its apostasy and because its wicked leaders executed the Messiah. At the present time, the church is a royal priesthood united with the royal priest, Jesus Christ. A royal priesthood is not only a priesthood that belongs to and serves the king, but is also a priesthood that exercises rule. This will ultimately be fulfilled in Christ's future kingdom (1 Cor. 6:1–4; Rev. 5:10; 20:6). a holy nation. Another allusion to Ex. 19:6 (cf. Lev. 19:2; 20:26; Deut.
7:6; Isa. 62:12). Tragically, Israel temporarily forfeited the great privilege of being the unique people of God through unbelief. Until Israel's future acceptance of its Messiah, God has replaced the nation with the church. See notes on Rom. 11:1–2, 25–29 for Israel's salvation. a people for his own possession. This combines phraseology found in Ex. 19:5; Isa. 43:21; Mal. 3:17. Cf. Titus 2:14. proclaim the excellencies. "Proclaim," an unusual word found in no other place in the NT, means to tell forth, to tell something not otherwise known. "Excellencies" are praises, virtues, eminent qualities. darkness . . . light. Cf. Acts 26:18; Eph. 5:8; Col. 1:13.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:10 God's people. The ideas of this verse come from Hos. 1:6–10; 2:23. Cf. Rom. 9:23–26 where the reference is explicitly to the calling of a people made up of Jews and Gentiles. now you have received mercy. God generally has temporal mercy and the compassion of common grace on his creation as a whole (Ps. 145:9; Lam. 3:22). Paul made reference to this when he said that God is the "Savior of all people" (see note on 1 Tim. 4:10). But God has eternal mercy on his elect church by forgiving their sins and eliminating their judgment (cf. Rom. 9:15; Titus 3:5). In the OT, the prophet Hosea promised that Israel, though remaining outside of God's blessings for a long period of time, would eventually come under God's mercy. God's dealing with Israel was somewhat of a pattern for his dealings with the believers under the New Covenant, who previously were outside God's covenant, but have been brought under the mercy of God by faith in Christ (cf. Eph. 2:4–13).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:11 sojourners and exiles. In this section, Peter called his readers to a righteous life in a hostile world. Christians are foreigners in a secular society because their citizenship is in heaven. There are three perspectives from which Christians can look at their obligations: 1) strangers (vv. 11–12); 2) citizens (vv. 13–17); and 3) servants (vv. 18–20). In vv. 21–25, Peter shows how Christ set the example by living a perfect life in the midst of his hostile environment. abstain from the passions of the flesh. Perhaps more lit., "hold yourself away from fleshly lusts." In order to have an impact on the world for God, Christians must be disciplined in an inward and private way by avoiding the desires of the fallen nature (cf. Gal. 5:19–21, where "passions of the flesh" include much more than sexual temptations). which wage war against your soul. "War," i.e., to carry on a military campaign. Fleshly lusts are personified as if they were an army of rebels or guerrillas who incessantly search out and try to destroy the Christian's joy, peace, and usefulness (cf. 1 Pet. 4:2–3).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:12 conduct . . . honorable. The Greek word for "honorable" is rich in meaning and implies the purest, highest, noblest kind of goodness. It means "lovely," "winsome," "gracious," "noble," and "excellent." Having been disciplined in the inward and private side, the Christian must outwardly live among non-Christians in a way that reflects that inward discipline. evildoers. The early Christians were falsely accused of rebellion against the government with such false accusations as: terrorism (burning Rome; see Introduction: Background and Setting), atheism (no idols or emperor worship), cannibalism (rumors about the Lord's Supper), immorality (because of their love for one another), damaging trade and social progress, and leading slaves into insurrection. Cf. Acts 16:18–21; 19:19, 24–27. day of visitation. A common phrase in the OT (Isa. 10:3; Jer. 27:22) warning of God's "visitation," his drawing near to people or nations in either judgment or blessing. In the NT, "visitation" speaks of redemption (Luke 1:68; 7:16; 19:44). Peter was teaching that when the grace of God visits the heart of an unbeliever, he will respond with saving faith and glorify God because he remembers the testimony of believers he had observed. Those who don't believe will experience the visitation of his wrath in the final judgment.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:13 Be subject. "Subject" is a military term meaning "to arrange in military fashion under the commander," "to put oneself in an attitude of submission." As citizens in the world and under civil law and authority, God's people are to live in a humble, submissive way in the midst of any hostile, godless, slandering society (cf. vv. 21–23; Prov. 24:21; Jer. 29:4–14; Matt. 22:21; Rom. 13:1ff., 1 Tim. 2:1; Heb. 10:32–34). for the Lord's sake. Though the Christian's true citizenship is in heaven (Phil. 3:20), he still must live as an obedient citizen in this world so that God will be honored and glorified. Rebellious conduct by a Christian brings dishonor on Christ. See notes on Rom. 13:1–5; Titus 3:1–2.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:14 governors. Christians are to live in obedience to every institution of civil and social order on earth. This includes obedience to the national government (v. 13, "emperor"), the state government, the police, and judges. Only when the government tries to force a Christian to do what is against the law of God explicitly stated in Scripture, should he refuse to submit (cf. Acts 4:18–20; 5:28–29; Titus 1:6; 3:1–2).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:15 silence . . . foolish people. Here is the purpose for our submission to authority, in order that we should avoid condemnation and win
commendation that shuts the mouth of those obstinately set against the faith who are looking for reasons to criticize believers.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:16 freedom as a cover-up for evil. Believers should enjoy their freedom in Christ, but ought not to put on a veil or mask of freedom to cover what really is wickedness. Christian freedom is never to be an excuse for self-indulgence or license. Cf. 1 Cor. 7:22; 8:9–13; 2 Thess. 3:7–9; see notes on Rom. 14:1–15:3.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:17 Honor. "Highly esteem" is the idea, and it refers not just to obedient duty but inner respect. brotherhood. The church. Cf. 1:22; 3:8; 4:8; 5:14.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:18 Servants, be subject. One's Christianity does not give the right to rebel against one's superior in the social structure (see notes on 1 Cor. 7:21–23; Eph. 6:5; Col. 3:22; Philemon; see also Ex. 21:26–27; Lev. 25:39–43; Deut. 23:15–16), no matter how unfair or harsh he may be.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:19–20 gracious thing in the sight of God. Favor with God is found when an employee, treated unjustly, accepts his poor treatment with faith in God's sovereign care, rather than responding in anger, hostility, discontent, pride, or rebellion (cf. Matt. 5:11).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:21 you have been called. The "call," as always in the NT epistles, is the efficacious call to salvation (v. 9; 5:10; Rom. 8:30). Peter's point is that a person called to salvation will, sometimes at least, have to endure unfair treatment. Commendable behavior on the part of the believer in the midst of such trials results in the strengthening and perfecting of the Christian on earth (1 Pet. 5:10; cf. James 1:2–4), and his increased eternal capacity to glorify God (cf. Matt. 20:21–23; 2 Cor. 4:17–18; 2 Tim. 2:12). For to this. Patient endurance (1 Pet. 2:20). leaving you an example. The word "example" lit. means "writing under." It was writing put under a piece of paper on which to trace letters, thus a pattern. Christ is the pattern for Christians to follow in suffering with perfect patience. His death was efficacious, primarily, as an atonement for sin (2 Cor. 5:21); but it was also exemplary, as a model of endurance in unjust suffering.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:22 This is a quote from Isa. 53:9. Christ was the perfect example of patient endurance in unjust suffering because he was sinless, as the prophet said he would be. Cf. 1 Pet. 1:19.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:23 reviled. To "revile" is to pile up abusive and vile language against someone. Though verbally abused, Christ never retaliated with vicious words and threats (3:9; cf. Matt. 26:57–65; 27:12–14; Luke 23:7–11). entrusting himself. "To entrust" was "to hand over to someone to keep." Christ was "handed over" to Pilate (John 19:11); Pilate "handed him over" to the Jews (John 19:16); Christ "handed over" himself to God, suffering in surprising silence, because of his perfect confidence in the sovereignty and righteousness of his Father (cf. Isa. 53:7).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:24 bore our sins. Christ suffered not simply as the Christian's pattern (vv. 21–23), but far more importantly as the Christian's substitute. To bear sins was to be punished for them (cf. Num. 14:33; Ezek. 18:20). Christ bore the punishment and the penalty for believers, thus satisfying a holy God (1 Pet. 3:18; see notes on 2 Cor. 5:21; Gal. 3:13). This great doctrine of the substitutionary atonement is the heart of the gospel. Actual atonement, sufficient for the sins of the whole world, was made for all who would ever believe, namely, the elect (cf. Lev. 16:17; 23:27–30; John 3:16; 2 Cor. 5:19; 1 Tim. 2:6; 4:10; Titus 2:11; Heb. 2:9; 1 John 2:2; 4:9–10). we might die to sin. This is true by the miracle of being in Christ. We died to sin in the sense that we paid its penalty, death, by being in Christ when he died as our substitute. See notes on Rom. 6:1–11. live to righteousness. Not only have we been declared just, the penalty for our sins paid by his death, but we have risen to walk in new life, empowered by the Holy Spirit (see notes on Rom. 6:12–22). By his wounds you have been healed. From Isa. 53:5 (see note). Through the wounds of Christ at the cross, believers are healed spiritually from the deadly disease of sin. Physical healing comes at glorification only, when there is no more physical pain, illness, or death (Rev. 21:4). See notes on Isa. 53:4–6; Matt. 8:17 for comments on healing in the atonement.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 2:25 returned. Means "to turn toward," and refers to the repentant faith a person has at salvation. Shepherd and Overseer. Christ is not only the Christian's standard (vv. 21–23) and substitute (v. 24), but he is also the Christian's shepherd (5:4; cf. Isa. 53:6; John 10:11). In the OT, the title of "shepherd" for the Lord was often messianic (Ezek. 34:23–24; 37:24; cf. John 10:1–18). Beyond that, "Shepherd and Overseer" were the most appropriate descriptions of Christ for Peter to use in order to comfort Christians who were being persecuted and slandered (1 Pet. 2:12). These two terms are also used for human spiritual leaders.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:1 Likewise. In ch. 2, Peter taught that living successfully as a Christian in a hostile world would require relating properly in two places: the civil society (2:13–17), and the workplace (2:18–25). At the start of this chapter, he added two more places: the family (3:1–7) and the local church (3:8–9). be subject. Peter insisted that if Christians are to be a witness for their Lord, they must submit not only to the civil, but also to the social order that God has designed. own husbands. Women are not inferior to men in any way, any more than submissive Christians are inferior to pagan rulers or non-Christian bosses (cf. Gal. 3:28). But wives have been given a role that puts them in submission to the headship that resides in their own husbands (see notes on 1 Cor. 11:1–9; Eph. 5:22; Col. 3:18; Titus 2:4–5). some do not obey the word. Since obedience has been used in this letter to refer to believers and disobedience to non-believers (see notes on 1 Pet. 1:2; 2:8), this is a non-Christian husband. In a culture in which women were viewed as lower than men, the potential for conflict and embarrassment in the marriage of a believer and unbeliever was significant, even as it is in contemporary society. Peter did not urge the Christian wife to leave her husband (cf. 1 Cor. 7:13–16), to preach to her husband ("without a word"), or to demand her rights ("be subject"). won . . . by the conduct of their wives. The loving, gracious submission of a Christian woman to her unsaved husband is the strongest evangelistic tool she has. Added to submission is modesty, meekness, and respect for the husband (1 Pet. 3:2–6).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:2 respectful and pure. Purity of life with reverence for God is what the unsaved husband should observe consistently.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:3 external. Peter was not here condemning all outward adornment. His condemnation is for incessant preoccupation with the outward to the disregard of one's character (v. 4; cf. 1 Tim. 2:9–10). But every Christian woman is especially to concentrate on developing that chaste and reverent Christlike character.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:4 gentle and quiet spirit. Here is beauty that never decays, as the outward body does. "Gentle" is actually "meek or humble" and "quiet" describes the character of her action and reaction to her husband and life in general. Such is precious not only to her husband, but also to God.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:5 holy women. Certain OT saints (particularly Sarah, v. 6) are models of inner beauty, character, modesty, and submissiveness to their husbands (see notes on Prov. 31:10–31).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:6 do not fear anything that is frightening. There are potential fears for a Christian woman who sets out to be submissive to her unsaved husband, as to where such submission might lead. But Peter's instruction to the wife is not to be intimidated or fearful, but as a principle, she is to submit to her husband. This precludes any coercion to sin, disobedience to God's word, or imposition of physical harm (cf. Acts 4:18–20; 5:28–29; Titus 1:6).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:7 Likewise, husbands. Submission is the responsibility of a Christian husband as well (cf. Eph. 5:21). Though not submitting to his wife as a leader, a believing husband must submit to the loving duty of being sensitive to the needs, fears, and feelings of his wife. In other words, a Christian husband needs to subordinate his needs to hers, whether she is a Christian or not. Peter specifically notes consideration, chivalry, and companionship. weaker. While she is fully equal in Christ and not inferior spiritually because she is a woman (see Gal. 3:28), she is physically weaker, and in need of protection, provision, and strength from her husband. heirs with you of the grace of life. Here the "grace of life" is not salvation, but marriage—the best relationship earthly life has to offer. The husband must cultivate companionship and fellowship with his wife, Christian or not (cf. Eccles. 9:9). prayers may not be hindered. This refers specifically to the husband's prayer for the salvation of his wife (see note on 1 Pet. 3:1). Such a prayer would be hindered if he were not respectful of her needs and fellowship.
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:8 have unity of mind. From two Greek words, meaning "to think the same," "to be like-minded." The idea is to maintain inward unity of heart. All Christians are to be examples and purveyors of peace and unity, not disruption and disharmony (John 13:35; 17; Rom. 12:16; 15:5; 1 Cor. 1:10; Phil. 2:1–2). brotherly. A recurring theme in 1 Peter (see 1 Pet. 1:22; 2:17; 4:8; 5:14).
1 PETER—NOTE ON 3:9 on the contrary, bless. "Bless" means "to speak well of," "to eulogize." The blessing that a Christian is to give to the reviler includes finding ways to serve him, praying for his salvation or spiritual progress, expressing thankfulness for him, speaking well of him, and desiring his wellbeing (2:23; cf. Lev. 19:18; Prov. 20:22; Luke 6:38). for to this you were called. A person to whom God has given undeserved blessings instead of judgment, should seek the blessing he will receive when giving a free gift of forgiveness to someone who has wronged him (cf. 1 Pet. 3:21; Matt. 18:21–35).